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Some medications, including birth control pills and chemotherapy, can cause hair loss. Some people are also prone to this problem due to eating disorders or thyroid conditions. Other causes of hair loss include severe infection, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and folliculitis. Hair loss from these conditions typically shows up as thinning hair on the scalp and can be prevented with proper treatment.
Any help is good to lose a few centimeters and shape the figure. Introduce good habits in your day-to-day life and apply one of these body creams at least once a day. You will notice the difference!
Our heart is at the centre of our circulatory system, which consists of the heart, arteries, veins, blood vessels and blood cells. It consists of four chambers, two on the left and two on the right. The two chambers in the upper part of the heart are the atria, and the bottom two chambers are the ventricles. The two sides of the heart are separated by the septum, which is a wall of muscle.
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A stress ulcer is a lesion of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, which develops following acute stress, such as that caused by a disease or severe physical shock. In fact, it can arise after an extensive burn or a head injury. In these cases, we speak, respectively, of Curling ulcer and Cushing ‘s ulcer.
Whether you’re a movie buff or just like watching spectacular stunts, action movies have a lot of famous stunts. If you’re a stunt enthusiast, you’ve probably seen some of these incredible performances. There are even some of your favourite movie actors who’ve performed these daring stunts. This article will discuss a few of the most impressive ones. Read on for an inside look at the men and women who pulled off the incredible stunts.
Mobile phones that are on a contract are now the most popular way to get a new phone in the UK. With modern mobile phones being more powerful than the computers that put man on the moon, it is little wonder that they can be very expensive. However, with a contract mobile phone, it is possible to have a top of the range mobile phone, which can then be paid monthly, rather than in one big lump sum.
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Brugada Syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by disturbances in the electrical activity of the heart, in the absence of evident structural alterations in the myocardium.
Brugada Syndrome was first described by Italian authors in 1988, although the electrocardiographic findings characteristic of the disease were already evident in 1953 to Osher and Wolff, who detected dynamic abnormalities on the ECG that simulated a myocardial infarction in a subject. healthy male.
This syndrome is now known by reference to the name of the Brugada brothers, who described it in detail in 1992.
Some patients inherit the disorder from their parents while others, on the other hand, develop it between the ages of 30 and 40 in a completely inexplicable way.
Affected patients are more prone to developing malignant ventricular arrhythmias and are considered at risk of sudden death.
In most cases, the diagnosis is made through the detection of characteristic changes visible on the electrocardiogram (such as a right bundle branch block and an elevation of the ST segment in the right precordial leads). These electrocardiographic findings can
In patients suffering from Brugada Syndrome, it is recommended to avoid the intake of drugs and exposure to events that may favor the occurrence of arrhythmic episodes; in subjects with previous cardiac arrest and in those in which an electrophysiological study has shown the possibility of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, the implantation of an automatic defibrillator is recommended, able to continuously monitor the heart rhythm and to intervene in case of life-threatening arrhythmias.
Since Brugada Syndrome does not have a definite clinical progression, it is possible that the patient has a low arrhythmic risk for life, but it is still necessary to monitor the disease frequently through scheduled cardiological visits and possibly evaluates other therapeutic options, such as the use of antiarrhythmic drugs, such as quinidine.
The electrical impulse at the base of cardiac conduction usually originates from a structure located in correspondence with the right atrium, the sino-atrial node, which, acting as the heart’s natural pacemaker, represents the dominant pathway that causes the impulse propagates from the atria until it reaches the ventricles, stimulating their contraction.
This process allows cardiac activity to take place with a “sinus rhythm”, which has a frequency between 60 and 100 beats per minute in conditions of rest.
There are mainly three alterations in this process and only one of these conditions is enough for an arrhythmia to arise:
Changes in the frequency and regularity of the heartbeat; we are talking about tachycardia when the beat is accelerated (over 100 beats per minute) or bradycardia when it is slower (under 60 beats per minute).
Variations of the dominant pathway, mainly represented by the sinoatrial node, are able to guarantee the “normality” of the heartbeat.
Impulse conduction and propagation disturbances of contraction with alterations in the heart rhythm.
The disease mainly affects populations of Asian origin and is more frequent in males between the ages of 30 and 40, especially if they have family history behind them.
In most cases, at the basis of this syndrome there is a genetic functional anomaly transmitted from parents to children with autosomal dominant inheritance; for the remainder of the patients, the origin of the disease, on the other hand, remains unknown or not better clarified.
The genetic mutations mainly concern a gene located on chromosome 3, SCN5A, which produces channel-like proteins which, localizing in correspondence with the membrane of heart muscle cells, allow the passage of sodium ions, generating a real currency that is necessary for the transmission of electrical impulses and therefore for the contraction of the heart.
Patients with Brugada syndrome have a malfunction of these channels, which cannot guarantee an adequate heartbeat and can also lead to imbalances in cardiac electrical activity, increasing the risk of developing life-threatening arrhythmias.
Although the SCN5A mutation accounts for 18-30% of cases of Brugada Syndrome, other mutations affecting several genes have been highlighted as the research progresses, such as:
For cases of affected patients where Brugada Syndrome cannot be explained by an underlying genetic mutation, some reasons have been hypothesized for the incorrect transmission of electrical impulses in the heart, including:
Patients with a family history of sudden death under the age of 45 should also be considered at increased risk of the disease.
The disease presents with great clinical variability and the electrocardiogram of the affected patient can be subject to variations and appear pathological or substantially normal, even within the same day.
Patients may be asymptomatic or present:
Episodes of syncope (fainting), often not preceded by signs, are caused by the rapid and ineffective contraction of the ventricles which usually returns to normal after a few seconds; since the loss of consciousness is immediate, with no warning symptoms, patients are also at risk for trauma.
Symptoms are mostly manifested at rest, during the night, or during the recovery phase from physical exercise, while adrenergic activation (in response to mental or physical stress) as well as physical exercise, are not contributing factors to arrhythmias. which manifest themselves in pathology.
Sudden cardiac death is the most tragic manifestation of the disease and usually occurs mostly in people between the ages of 25 and 50.
It is due to cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation; in this case, the lower chambers of the heart, the ventricles, contract very rapidly and irregularly, generating an invalid contraction that can stop cardiac activity, causing sudden death.
The first element that should lead to suspicion of Brugada Syndrome is the occurrence of fainting, cardiac arrest, or sudden death in a young person.
Through a correct diagnosis, it is possible to adopt therapeutic measures that allow to prevent the most tragic manifestations of the disease and to diagnose the disease in family members of patients affected by genetic mutations.
It is, therefore, necessary to consult an electrophysiologist (a cardiologist expert in electrical dysfunctions) who may use some tests, such as:
The only treatment considered valid is the implantation of a defibrillator (ICD), which is housed in the left side of the chest and connected to the heart via leads; this device, which acts by delivering an electric shock when any arrhythmias are detected, will be able, if the discharge is successful, to restore the electrical activity of the heart to normal.
Since Brugada syndrome does not have a definite clinical progression, it is possible that the patient has a low arrhythmic risk for life, in this case, it will still be necessary to frequently monitor the disease through scheduled cardiological visits and possibly evaluate other therapeutic options, such as the use of antiarrhythmic drugs, such as quinidine.
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